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云南麗江拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物調查及保護評估

[日期：2007-08-28] 來源：云南花卉作者：發表評論(0)打印

　云南麗江拉市海流域杜鵑花屬

　　植物調查及保護評估

　　An Investigation and Conservation Assessment of

　　Rhododendron Species

　　in the Lashihai Action Site

　　執筆方震東

　　By Fang Zhendong

　　云南中甸高山植物園方震東、和光

　　Fang Zhendong & He Guang

　　Zhongdian Alpine Botanical Garden, Yunnan

　　美國大自然保護協會云南辦事處麗江辦公室木勁華

　　Mu Jinghua

　　Lijiang Office, Yunnan Representative, The Nature Conservancy, USA

　　2001年7月22日

　　July 22, 2001

　內容 Contents

　　前言 Foreword

　　1．拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類名單

　　The Checklist of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　2．拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類的稀有性及特有性分析

　　An Analysis of Rarity and Endemism of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　3．拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類的保護現狀評價

　　An Assessment of Conservation Status of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　4．拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類的保護意見及建議

　　Recommendations for Conservation Targets of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　5．拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物標本數據庫

　　Specimen Data Base of Rhododendron in the Lashihai Action Site

　　前　　言Foreword

　　杜鵑花屬約有850種，廣布于歐、亞、北美，主產于東亞和東南亞，僅1種延至熱帶澳大利亞。中國約650種，主要集中分布在云南西北部、西藏東南部和四川西南部。云南有227種。

　　本屬植物在種的水平上表現出高度的特有性，只有少數廣布種，多數為區域性特有種。因此，研究杜鵑花屬種類地理分布的特有現象，對于制定生物多樣性保護規劃，探該屬植物的起源與演化等科學問題具有重要參考價值。

　　本項調查分析在美國大自然保護協會云南代表處麗江辦公室的資助和協助下完成。

　　The genus Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) has 850 species, which distribute in N Hemisphere (Europe 7, China 650), especially in Himalayas, SE Asian and Malaysia mountains (155 endemic species in New Guinea). Only 1 species extends into tropical Australia. China has 650 species, which congregate in NW Yunnan, SE Xizang and SW Sichuan mostly. There are 227 species in Yunnan.

　　Rhododendron has a highly endemism on the genus level. Most species of Rhododendron are strictly endemic to a specific region, e.g. Rhododendron russatum is only endemic to NW Yunnan. Only few species occupy a relatively wide distribution area. Therefore, to study the endemic phenomena of their geographical distribution is helpful for to make a bio-diversity conservation plan and for to understand their origination and evolution.

　　The investigation and analysis was finished under the support of Lijiang Office of Yunnan Representative of The Nature Conservancy USA. Mr Mu Jinhua took part in the field trip to Lashihai region helping in collection and recording geography data; Mr Liu Dachang revised the report carefully and contributed his original ideas.

　　1．拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類名單

　　（限于上南堯、洋芋廠和文海）(Lashihai region refer to Upper Nanyao, Yangyuchang and Wenhai villages)

　　The Checklist of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site (defined as Upper Nanyao/Yangyuchang and Wenhai)

　　這次野外調查，實際采集到18種杜鵑花屬種類的標本，另根據呂正偉等人2000年7月20日的《麗江縣拉市鄉南堯西村自然資源和保護戰略》補充了4種。

　　Specimen of 18 rhododendron species were collected from the field during this trip to Lashihai region in July 11-13, 2001. Another 4 species were supplemented according to the report by Luzhengwei et all.

　　1) 腺房杜鵑Rhododendron adenogynum Diels

　　2) 團花杜鵑Rhododendron anthosphaerum Diels

　　3) 卵葉杜鵑Rhododendron callimorphum Balf. f. et W. W. Smith

　　4) 楔葉杜鵑 Rhododendron cuneatum W. W. Smith*

　　5) 大白花杜鵑Rhododendron decorum Franch.

　　6) 馬纓花 Rhododendron delavayi Franch. *

　　7) 密枝杜鵑Rhododendron fastigiatum Franch.

　　8) 假乳黃杜鵑Rhododendron fictolacteum Balf. f.

　　9) 亮鱗杜鵑Rhododendron heliolepes Franch. *

　　10) 灰背杜鵑 Rhododendron hippophaeoides Balf. f. & W. W. Smith*

　　11) 露珠杜鵑Rhododendron irroratum Franch.

　　12) 山育杜鵑Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Smith

　　13) 纓草杜鵑Rhododendron primulaeflorum Bur. et Franch.

　　14) 腋花杜鵑Rhododendron racemosum Franch.

　　15) 紅棕杜鵑Rhododendron rubiginosum Franch.

　　16) 紫藍杜鵑Rhododendron russatum Balf. f. & Forrest**

　　17) 單色杜鵑Rhododendron tapetiforme Balf. f. & Ward

　　18) 硬葉杜鵑Rhododendron tatsienense Franch.

　　19) 棕背川滇杜鵑Rhododendron traillianum Forrest et W. W. Smith var. dictyatum (Tagg.) Chamberlain

　　20) 紫玉盤杜鵑Rhododendron uvarifolium Diels

　　21) 亮葉杜鵑Rhododendron vernicosum Franch.

　　22) 云南杜鵑Rhododendron yunnanense Franch.

　　注釋Notes：

　　*我們調查時未采集到該種標本。根據呂正偉等，《麗江縣拉市鄉南堯西村自然資源和保護戰略》，2000年7月20日。

　　 **模式標本產于麗江。

　　*According to the report of the nature resource and conservation stratagem of Lashihai region in Lijiang county (July 20, 2000). Spescimen could not be collected in our trip.

　　**The topotype was collected in Lijiang.

　　檢索表Key to Species

　　1 (45) 花序頂生

　　2 (22) 植株不具鱗片，通常被各式毛被或無毛

　　3 (12) 葉背通常無毛，成葉毛被多少脫落；花梗和子房通常具腺體，無毛

　　4 (9) 花通常6-7基數；雄蕊數較多，12-18；果大而粗壯，近直立

　　5 (8)子房及花柱有腺體

　　6 (7) 花絲無毛……………………………………………………...……..亮葉杜鵑 R. venicosum

　　7 (6)花絲下部被柔毛…………………………………………………....大白花杜鵑 R. decorum

　　8 (5)子房無毛及無腺體……………………………………………..團花杜鵑 R. anthosphaerum

　　9 (4) 花5基數；雄蕊10；

　　10 (11) 葉卵形或闊橢圓形，基部心形；果細長，極彎弓……………卵葉杜鵑 R. callimorphum

　　11 (10) 葉披針形或倒披針形，基部鈍或楔形；果長圓柱形…………...…露珠杜鵑 R. irroratum

　　12 (3) 葉背密被綿毛或絨毛

　　13 (21) 葉背被二層毛被，上層毛被為特異的杯狀或漏斗狀復毛組成……………………………

　　…………………………………………………………………...假乳黃杜鵑 R. fictolacteum

　　14 (13) 葉背毛被不為上述，被絨毛或綿毛

　　15 (16) 花冠具明顯的蜜腺囊，通常肉質，深紅色，不具色點…………….…馬纓花 R. delavayi

　　16 (15) 花冠基部無蜜腺囊，不為肉質，白色至薔薇色，常具色點

　　17 (18) 子房無毛，細長；果狹長，鐮狀彎弓…………………………紫玉盤杜鵑 R. uvarifolium

　　18 (17) 子房密被毛或有毛和腺體；果直或微彎，但不成鐮狀彎弓

　　19 (20) 花萼大，長5毫米以上；子房多少有腺體……………………..腺房杜鵑 R. adenogynum

　　20 (19) 花萼小，長1-2毫米。

　　21 (13) 葉背背薄層細絨毛…………………………………………….……川滇杜鵑 R. traillianum

　　22 (2) 植株具有鱗片

　　23 (32) 灌木，稀為小喬木；葉遠較大

　　24 (25) 葉背鱗片鄰接，密集覆瓦狀…………………………………..…紅棕杜鵑 R. rubiginosum

　　25 (24) 葉背鱗片不鄰接

　　26 (27) 葉常綠或半落葉，葉被鱗片疏生，相距為其直徑的2-6倍……云南杜鵑 R. yunnanense

　　27 (26) 葉常綠，葉被鱗片鄰接或不鄰接，不鄰接的鱗片相距不大

　　28 (29) 葉片兩端鈍圓，基部有時微凹而呈淺心型，上面無鱗片，兩面灰綠

　　色…………………………………………………………………….山育杜鵑 R. oreotrephes

　　29 (28) 葉片兩端漸尖或漸狹，

　　30 (31) 葉較大………………………………………………………….……..亮鱗杜鵑 R. heliolepes

　　31 (30) 葉較小，下面淡綠色………………………………………………..硬葉杜鵑 R. tatsienense

　　32 (23) 墊狀矮小灌木；葉小至極小；花小。

　　33 (34) 花冠高腳碟狀；雄蕊和花柱內藏于花冠筒內……………..…纓草杜鵑 R. primulaefolium

　　34 (33) 花冠不為上述情況。

　　35 (36) 葉背鱗片無光澤（不透明），白色或帶粉紅色………………….密枝杜鵑 R. fastigiatum

　　36 (35) 葉背鱗片不為上述情況

　　37 (38) 花冠長20毫米以上……………………………………………….….楔葉杜鵑 R. cuneatum

　　38 (37) 花冠小于20毫米

　　39 (42) 葉背鱗片單一色

　　40 (41) 葉背鱗片色淡，麥桿色或淡黃褐色…………………………..灰背杜鵑 R. hippophaeoides

　　41 (40) 葉背鱗片紅棕色或褐色，萼片短于2毫米，葉背赤褐色………單色杜鵑 R. tapetiforme

　　42 (39) 葉背鱗片二色

　　43 (44) 萼片無鱗片中央帶…………………………………….……………...紫藍杜鵑 R. russatum

　　44 (43) 萼片有鱗片中央帶………………………………………………..…多色杜鵑 R. rupicolum

　　45 (1) 花序側生，即僅生于枝條上部葉腋………..……………………..腋花杜鵑 R. racemosum

　　2.拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類的稀有性及特有性分析

　　An Analysis of Rarity and Endemism of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　分析出現在流域域內22個杜鵑花屬種類的地理分布的特有程度，得出以下結果*：

　　Through the analysis of the endemism of every species known to occur in the Lashihai region, we get the following distribution patterns:

　　1. SW China & SE Asian, 1 species…………….R. delavayi

　　1. Endemic to China, 21 species

　　2. SW China……………………………R. racemosum, R. yunnanense

　　3. Hengduan Mts. & Yunnan et Guizhou Plateau, 4 species, including the following 4 distribution patterns:

　　4. NE Yunnan & DCZM-H………………….. R. oreotrephes

　　4.NE Yunnan & DC-H…………………..R. rubiginosum

　　4.Yunnna & DC-H……………………….R. irroratum

　　4.Yunnan et Guizhou Plateau & DCZ-H…………..R. decorum

　　3.Endemic to Hengduan Mts., 15 species, including the following 7 distribution patterns:

　　l NW Yunnan (D-H)…………………R. fastigiatum, R. russatum

　　l W Yunnan et N Myanmar (DM-H) …………….R. callimorphum

　　l DC-H………..R. cuneatum, R. hippophaeoides et R. tatsienense

　　l DZM-H……..R. fictolacteum, R. heliolepis et R. tapetiforme

　　l DCZ-H……..R. adenogynum, R. traillianum var. dictyatum, R. uvarifolium, R. vernicosum

　　l DCZM-H………………………..R. anthosphaerum

　　l DCZG-H………………………..R. primulaefolium

　　Note

　　D-Dian, Yunnan; C-Chuan, Sichuan; Z-Zang, Xizang (Tibet); Q-Qian, Guizhou; G-Gansu; M-Myanmar(Burma), esp. N Myanmar; H-The Great Hengduan Mountains,

　　1.中國西南及東南亞分布1種：……………………………..……馬纓花

　　1.中國特有分布 21種

　　 2.中國西南特有分布2種…………………………腋花杜鵑、云南杜鵑

　　3.中國橫斷山區及云貴高原分布 4種，包括以下4個分布式樣：

　　l 滇東北及滇西北、川西南、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（N. E. Yunnan & DCZM-H）1種…………山育杜鵑

　　l 滇東北及滇西北、川西南橫斷山區特有分布（N. E. Yunnan & DC-H）1種…………………………………………紅棕杜鵑

　　l 云南、川西南特分布（Yunnan & DC-H）1種……..露珠杜鵑

　　l 云貴高原至滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（YG-P & DCZ-H）1種…………………………...大白花杜鵑

　　3.中國橫斷山區分布 15種，包括以下7種分布式樣：

　　l 滇西北橫斷山區特有分布（D-H）2種………………………………………….密枝杜鵑、紫藍杜鵑

　　l 滇西及滇西北和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DM-H）1種……………………………………………………….卵葉杜鵑

　　l 滇西北和川西南橫斷山區特有分布（DC-H）3種…………………………….楔葉杜鵑、灰背杜鵑、硬葉杜鵑

　　l 滇西北、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DZM-H）3種………………………..假乳黃杜鵑、亮鱗杜鵑、單色杜鵑

　　l 滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（DCZ-H）4種……….腺房杜鵑、棕背川滇杜鵑、紫玉盤杜鵑、亮葉杜鵑

　　l 滇西及滇西北、川西南、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DCZM-H）1種……………………………...團花杜鵑

　　l 滇西北、川西、藏南及藏東南、甘肅南部橫斷山區特有分布（DCZG-H）1種……………………………………...纓草杜鵑

　　注釋:

　　*：D——滇，云南；C——川，四川；Z——藏，西藏；Q——黔，貴州；G-甘肅；M——緬甸東北部；H——橫斷山區；

　　1)腺房杜鵑Rhododendron adenogynum Diels

　　屬于滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（縮寫為DCZ-H）。見于海拔3400-4200米的冷杉-杜鵑群落和高山杜鵑群落中。較常見。流域內見于上南堯5社洋芋廠后山西向坡面海拔3600-3800米以棕背川滇杜鵑占優勢的高山杜鵑群落中。數量較多。

　　The species belongs to DCZ-H Pattern, can be seen in Fir-Rhododendron Community between 3400-4200m as well as Alpine Rhododendron Community frequently. In Lashihai region it only can be seen in alpine Rhododendron Community dominated by R. traillianum on west faced slope between 3600-3800m of Yangyuchang, Upper Nanyao. Its quantity is relatively rich.

　　2)團花杜鵑Rhododendron anthosphaerum Diels

　　屬于滇西及滇西北、川西南、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DCZM-H）。常見于落葉闊葉林、鐵杉林和針闊葉混交林下亞層。流域內出現于東向坡面川滇高山櫟林下（較少見）、和文海北面針闊葉混交林下亞層（較多）。

　　The species belongs to DCZM-H Pattern, can be seen in the sub-stratum of the Decidural forest, Tsuga forest and Mixed Forest often. In the Lashihai region it only can be seen in Quercus aquifolioides Forest on east faced slope and in sub-stratum of Mixed Forest in Wenhai.

　　3)卵葉杜鵑Rhododendron callimorphum Balf. f. et W. W. Smith

　　屬于滇西及滇西北和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DM-H）。整個滇西北較少見。流域內僅見于上南堯西村七社-5社洋芋廠途中東向坡面的硬葉高山櫟林下，只發現一株，極少見，應該列為保護對象之一。

　　The species belongs to DM-H Pattern, hardly occurs in NW Yunnan. In the Lashihai region it only has 1 plant seen under the Quercus Forest on east faced slope. It should be considered as one of conservation target.

　　4)楔葉杜鵑 Rhododendron cuneatum W. W. Smith

　　屬于滇西北和川西南橫斷山區特有分布（DC-H）。本種與紫藍杜鵑（Rhododendron russatum）十分相似，唯本種花冠較大，長于2厘米而不同。本種是否成立有待研究。如果成立，應該是很稀見的種類，應該列為流域內的保護對象。

　　The species belongs to DC-H Pattern. It’s similar to R. russatum, but this species has a longer corolla above 2 cm than the later. It is worth to study the species further if it could be an independent species. If so, it should be a rare species and should be considered as one of the conservation target in the Lashihai region.

　　5)大白花杜鵑Rhododendron decorum Franch.

　　屬于云貴高原至滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（YG-P & DCZ-H）。云南松林下十分常見。流域內云南松林下也很常見。

　　The species belongs to YG-P & DCZ-H Pattern, which is usually seen under the Yunnan Pine Forest and also often occurs in the Yunnan Pine Forest in the Lashihai region.

　　6)馬纓花 Rhododendron delavayi Franch.

　　屬于中國西南及東南亞分布。常見。滇西北迪慶藏族自治州以北沒有出現。根據呂正偉等人調查認為本種廣布于流域南堯西村海拔2500-3000米的向陽山坡。但我們此次調查路線上未遇該種。

　　It belongs to SW China & SE Asian Pattern, which is common occurring in Yunnan and not across the south of Diqing Prefecture. Mr Luzhenwei et all thought it distributed in west villages of Nanyao on the sunny slopes between 2500-3000m, but we did not seen the species in our trip.

　　7)密枝杜鵑Rhododendron fastigiatum Franch.

　　屬于滇西北橫斷山區特有分布（D-H）。高山礫石灌叢植被地帶較常見。流域內主要分布于南堯東村五社洋芋廠白頭山一帶。

　　It belongs to D-H Pattern, which is frequently in alpine shrubs. It occurs in Baitoushan (White Head Mountain) Yangyuchang Upper Nanyao of the Lashihai region.

　　8)假乳黃杜鵑Rhododendron fictolacteum Balf. f.

　　屬于滇西北、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DZM-H）。生于鐵杉-闊葉混交林或冷杉-杜鵑群落中。滇西北較少見，中甸哈巴雪山-天寶雪山東面較多見。但在流域內較少見，發現于文海西邊東向山坡的冷杉-杜鵑群落中。數量不多。可以列為保護對象之一。

　　It belongs to DZM-H Pattern, which grows in Tsuga Forest (Mixed Forest) and Fir-Rhododendron Communities. It is rare in NW Yunnan. Only few were found in Fir-Rhododendron Communities of West Wenhai, but there are more plants on east faced slopes of Tianbao and Haba Snow Mt. regions in Zhgongdian County. It is one of national second grade protected plants. The species also could be one of the conservation targets in the Lashihai region.

　　9)亮鱗杜鵑Rhododendron heliolepes Franch.

　　屬于滇西及滇西北、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DZM-H）。冷杉-杜鵑群落中較常見，但數量不豐。根據呂正偉等人調查見于Niujianbao山海拔2800-3500米地帶，我們此次調查沒有發現。

　　It belongs to DZM-H Pattern, which is frequent in Fir-Rhododendron Communities, but poor in quantity. Mr Luzhenwei et all found the species in Niujianbao Mt. between 2800-3500m. We did not see it in our trip.

　　10) 灰背杜鵑 Rhododendron hippophaeoides Balf. f. & W. W. Smith

　　屬于滇西北、川西南橫斷山區特有分布（DC-H）。中甸高原亞高山草甸中常見。根據呂正偉等人調查見于Xiaogtuoli海拔3000-3400米的潮濕地斷，我們此次調查沒有發現。

　　It belongs to DC-H Pattern, which is frequent in sub-alpine meadows in Zhongdian Plateau. Mr Luzhenwei et all found at wet places in Xiaogtuoli area between 3000-3400m. We did not see it in our trip.

　　11) 露珠杜鵑Rhododendron irroratum Franch. var. irroratum

　　屬于云南、川西南特分布（Yunnan & DC-H）。云南全省廣布。流域內較常見。

　　It belongs to Yunnan & DC-H Pattern, which widely distributes in the whole Yunnan Province. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.

　　12) 山育杜鵑Rhododendron oreotrephes W. W. Smith

　　屬于滇東北及滇西北、川西南、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（NE Yunnan & DCZM-H）。滇西北較常見，數量較多。流域內僅見于南堯東村五社洋芋廠后山，少見。

　　It belongs to NE Yunnan & DCZM-H Pattern, which is frequent in NW Yunnan and abundant in quantity. It’s only seen in the mountain of Yangyuchang Upper Nanyao of the Lashihai region.

　　13) 纓草杜鵑Rhododendron primulaeflorum Bur. et Franch.

　　屬于滇西北、川西、藏南及藏東南、甘肅南部橫斷山區特有分布型（DCZG-H）。高山礫石杜鵑灌叢中常見，常常形成以其占優勢的群落。流域內洋芋廠白頭山一帶較多。

　　It belongs to DCZG-H Pattern, which is common in alpine heath and dominates the community. It could be found in the Baitou Mt. Yangyuchang Upper Nanyao of the Lashihai region.

　　14) 腋花杜鵑Rhododendron racemosum Franch.

　　屬于中國西南特有分布（SW China）。松林、松-櫟混交林下十分常見。流域內也很常見。

　　It belongs to SW China Pattern, which is very common in pine forest and pine & oak mixed forest. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.

　　15) 紅棕杜鵑Rhododendron rubiginosum Franch.

　　屬于滇東北及滇西北、川西南橫斷山區特有分布（NE Yunnan & DC-H）。十分普遍，常見大面積群落。流域內也很常見。

　　It belongs to NE Yunnan & DC-H Pattern, which is very common. It usually constitutes a big community. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.

　　16) 紫藍杜鵑Rhododendron russatum Balf. f. & Forrest

　　屬于滇西北橫斷山區特有分布（D-H）。麗江為其模式產地，據載也產于中甸、維西和德欽，但很少見。可列為保護目標之一。

　　It belongs to D-H Pattern. Lijiang is the original place of topotype. It is reported that the species also distributes in Zhongdian, Weixi and Deqing, but hardly to see in the field. It could be considered as one of the conservation targets in the Lashihai region.

　　17) 單色杜鵑Rhododendron tapetiforme Balf. f. & Ward

　　屬于滇西北、藏東南和緬甸東北部橫斷山區特有分布（DZM-H）。高山礫石矮杜鵑灌叢植被中常見。流域內分布于洋芋廠白頭山一帶。

　　It belongs to DZM-H Pattern, which normally grows in alpine heath. It occurs in Baitoushan Yangyuchang of the Lashihai region.

　　18) 硬葉杜鵑Rhododendron tatsienense Franch.

　　屬于滇西北、川西南橫斷山區特有分布（DC-H）。滇西北較少見。流域見于文海北面松林下，較少見。

　　It belongs to DC-H Pattern, which is rare in NW Yunnan. It only occurs under pine forest in N Wenhai.

　　19) 棕背川滇杜鵑Rhododendron traillianum Forrest et W. W. Smith var. dictyatum (Tagg.) Chamberlain

　　屬于滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（DCZ-H）。該種是構成冷杉-杜鵑群落和高山杜鵑群落的優勢種，常見。流域洋芋廠白頭山杜鵑林主要優勢種類即為本變種。

　　It belongs to DCZ-H Pattern. It is the dominated species in Fir-Rhododendron Community and Alpine Rhododendron Community, common. The Rhododendron Forest on Baitoushan Yangyuchang called by local Yi people is composed of this species mostly.

　　20) 紫玉盤杜鵑Rhododendron uvarifolium Diels

　　屬于滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（DCZ-H）。常見于落葉闊葉林、針闊葉混交林等林下。流域內見于川滇高山櫟林下，少見。

　　It belongs to DCZ-H Pattern, which is frequent under deciduous broad-leaf forest, mixed forest. It only can be seen in Quercus aquifolioides Forest in the Lashihai region, rare.

　　21) 亮葉杜鵑Rhododendron vernicosum Franch.

　　屬于滇西北、川西南和藏東南橫斷山區特有分布（DCZ-H）。中甸高原常見。流域內少見。

　　It belongs to DCZ-H Pattern, which is very common on Zhongdian Plateau. But it is rare in the Lashihai region.

　　22) 云南杜鵑Rhododendron yunnanense Franch.

　　屬于中國西南特有分布（S. W. China）。常見，流域內也較常見。

　　 It belongs to SW China Pattern, which is very common. It’s also common in the Lashihai region.

　　3. 拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類的保護現狀評價

　　An Assessment of Conservation Status of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　拉市海流域杜鵑花屬種類主要分布于以下7種植被類型之中：

　　1、云南松林（山坡）

　　2、寒溫山地硬葉常綠櫟類林

　　3、溫涼性針闊葉混交林（溝谷及背陰山坡）

　　4、麗江云杉林

　　5、長苞冷杉林

　　6、大果紅杉林

　　7、寒溫灌叢

　　Species of Rhododendron usually occur in the following kinds of vegetation types:

　　1. Yunnan Pine Forest (slope)

　　2. Cold-Temperate Mountain Hard-leaf Evergreen Oak Forest

　　3. Temperate Needle and Broad Leaf Mixed Forest (valley or shaded slopes)

　　4. Lijiang Spruce Forest

　　5. George Fir Forest

　　6. Macro-cone Larch Forest

　　7. Cold-Temperate shrubs

　　云南松林在拉市海流域分布面積最廣，主要出現在海拔3000米以下的南向坡面上，其中常見的是腋花杜鵑和云南大白花杜鵑兩種，這兩種在中國西南分布普遍，數量眾多。在拉市海流域當地人主要利用云南大白花杜鵑做燒柴，故本種在靠近村落的云南松林中較少見。而腋花杜鵑則十分常見，很少為當地人利用。

　　Yunnan Pine Forest dominates the biggest area in the Lashihai region and usually occurs on the south faced slope bellow 3000m. R. racemosum and R. decorum are two species very common in it. They are also popular in SW China and abundant in quantity. People in the Lashihai region cut R. decorum as firewood, therefore there is not so many its plants in the pine forests near the villages. But the R. racemosum is very common as is not used by people.

　　寒溫山地硬葉常綠櫟類林在拉市海流域面積僅次于云南松林，多出現于海拔3000米以上東向山坡。有7種杜鵑生長于這種硬葉櫟類林下亞層。在硬葉櫟類林下，紅棕杜鵑、露珠杜鵑和云南杜鵑較為普遍和常見，其它種則較少見，如紫玉盤杜鵑、亮葉杜鵑、卵葉杜鵑和假乳黃杜鵑等種，特別是卵葉杜鵑，極稀少，容易受到毀壞。假乳黃杜鵑屬國家三級保護植物，此次調查僅有少量見于文海西邊高山櫟林與長苞冷杉林混合的邊緣。這種寒溫山地硬葉常綠櫟類林雖然在流域內分布面積較廣，但是也容易為當地人利用。因為高山櫟是最好的薪炭原料，文海周圍的村民就利用高山櫟燒炭，在他們的觀念中，高山櫟砍倒后，樹樁上還能長出幼枝，過上幾年，又可以恢復成林。這是事實，但是對于原來生長在其林下的其它物種，特別是杜鵑花屬種類，可能由于生境改變，如生境旱化，就會被淘汰出局。

　　Cold-Temperate Mountain Hard-leaf Evergreen Oak Forest is less than the Pine Forest, which usually occurs on east-faced slope above 3000m. There are 7 species of Rhododendron occurs in the sub-stratum of this kind of forest. R. rubiginosum, R. irroratum and R. yunnanense are more common species under the forest, but R. uvardianum, R. venicosum, R. callimophum and R. fictolacteatum are rare to see, esp. R. fictolacteatum very rare and very easy to be destroyed because the local people cut the oak tree and char them. Local people think that logging has less influences on the forest because the stumps will geminate again and for some years the forest will be back. It is true. But after the logging, the original habitats are inkling to dry, which result in the Rhododendron species could not survive.

　　溫涼性針闊葉混交林（溝谷及背陰山坡）在拉市海流域分布面積較少，此次調查路線上見于洋芋場和文海至雪花途中的北向及東北向坡面。其中生長有團花杜鵑、紅棕杜鵑等種。該地帶人為活動頻繁，對植被影響較大。

　　Temperate Needle and Broad Leaf Mixed Forest (valley or shaded slopes) occupies less area in the Lashihai region. It is found on the way to Yangyuchang and from Wenhai to Xuehua on the north faced and east faced slope. Among the forest R. anthosphaerum and R. rubiginosum is growing. There is a heavy impact on the forest due to human’s activities.

　　由于受人為活動影響，完整的麗江云杉林在拉市海流域內已經少見。除了洋芋場村寨后北向坡面有麗江云杉林與樺木混生的針闊葉混交林，此次調查路線上其它地方未見。其林下有團花杜鵑、紅棕杜鵑等種。

　　The typical Lijiang Spruce Forest is hardly to see in the Lashihai region because of the human’s impact on it. We only found the Lijiang Spruce and Birch Mixed Forest on the north faced slope behind of the Yangyuchang. R. anthosphaerum and R. rubiginosum are growing in it.

　　長苞冷杉林在拉市海流域內分布面積也較少，此次調查僅見于洋芋場白頭山-斑打花途中海拔3600米以上的地帶，與棕背川滇杜鵑和腺房杜鵑組成群落。長苞冷杉自然枯死或人為砍伐以后余下的植被即是以棕背川滇杜鵑和腺房杜鵑為優勢的杜鵑灌木林。白頭山至斑打花一帶的高山杜鵑園就是由棕背川滇杜鵑和腺房杜鵑為主組成的大面積杜鵑群落。

　　George Fir Forest also has a less area in the Lashihai region, which only was seen on the way from Baitoushan to Bandahua Yangyuchang above 3600m. It constitutes the Fir-Rhododendron Communities with R. traillianum and R. adenogynum. When the George Fir get died, then the alpine Rhododendron Communities is left which consist of R. traillianum and R. adenogynum. The called “Alpine Rhododendron Garden” From Baitoushan to bandahua is composed of these two species.

　　大果紅杉林在拉市海流域內見于洋芋場村寨后海拔3400-3600米范圍內的西向坡面，面積較少。與杜鵑組成群落。其中有山育杜鵑、棕背川滇杜鵑等種。該地帶人為影響較少。

　　Larch Forest occurs on the west-faced slope behind of Yangyuchang between 3400-3600m in the Lashihai region, which consist of the Larch-Rhododendron Communities with R. oreotrephes, R. traillianum, etc. There is a less influence on the forest.

　　寒溫灌叢在拉市海流域內分布于海拔3700米以上的高山灌叢地帶。主要以多種小葉型的杜鵑花屬種類構成高山杜鵑群落。出現種類有紫藍杜鵑、纓草杜鵑、單色杜鵑、楔葉杜鵑、密枝杜鵑和棕背川滇杜鵑。其中紫藍杜鵑、楔葉杜鵑和密枝杜鵑在滇西北其它地方少見，可列為保護目標。在寒溫灌叢植被帶，洋芋場的彝族百姓有一些放牧活動，但目前對植被的破壞及改變程度不大。

　　Cold-Temperate shrubs distributes in alpine area above 3700m in the Lashihai region. It is composed of some Rhododendron species with small-leaves, e.g. R. russatum, R. primulaefolium, R. tarpetiforme, R. cuneatum, R. fastigiatum and R. traillianum, etc. R. russatum, R. cuneatum and R. fastigiatum are rare to be seen in other places in NW Yunnan, which could be considered as the conservation targets in the Lashihai region. Now the Yi people have their cows and horses grazing in the that area, but the cattle do not eat these plants.

　　4. 拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物已知種類的保護意見及建議

　　Recommendations for Conservation Targets of Rhododendron Species Known to Occur in the Lashihai Action Site

　　通過以上分析，我們對拉市海流域內杜鵑花屬植物的保護提出如下兩點意見及建議：

　　1、重點保護在拉市海流域內數量稀少及特有程度較高的種類。推薦以下重點保護種類：卵葉杜鵑、假乳黃杜鵑、紫藍杜鵑、楔葉杜鵑和密枝杜鵑。

　　2、重點保護這些珍稀特有杜鵑種類生長的并且易受人為活動影響的植被類型。應該重點保護的植被類型是：寒溫山地硬葉常綠櫟類林、溫涼性針闊葉混交林（溝谷及背陰山坡）。

　　Through the analysis above, we propose the following suggestions:

　　1. First to protect those species which are rare and endemic to narrower regions. Some proposed species are as follows: R. callimorphum, R. fictolacteatum, R. russatum, R. cuneatum and R. fastigiatum.

　　2. First to protect those vegegation types in which those rare and endemic Rhododendron species inhabit and which are easy to be destroyed by village people. They are 1 Cold-Temperate Mountain Hard-leaf Evergreen Oak Forest and 2 Temperate Needle and Broad Leaf Mixed Forest (valley or shaded slopes).

　　5.拉市海流域杜鵑花屬植物標本數據庫（見Excel文件）

　　Specimen Data Base of Rhododendron in the Lashihai Action Site

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